Definition
The concept of a stereotype refers a particular view of individuals or groups which is based on preconceived judgements. Stereotyping tends to simplify what are complex educational and cultural trends and to caricature them, creating in the process positive or – more often – negative attitudes towards groups, societies or nationalities. Stereotyping often leads to an inaccurate and fixed perception of all members of a group. Examples of national stereotyping such as ‘All Japanese look and think alike’, ‘Afro-Caribbeans are good at sport’ are typical stereotypes.
Commentary
The formation of stereotyping and its subsequent persistence (possibly in spite of counter evidence) has been especially investigated from the view of social psychology. Closely related to ‘labelling theory’, it is seen as a product of ethnocentricism working in concert with cultural distance – the extent to which others are seen as an inner, or outer, group. This leads to perceived dissimilarities between groups which can persist over time, sometimes ignoring evidence of change.
Many forms of stereotyping are found in sexualised, gendered, or racialised attitudes. Stereotyping is more often than not used in the negative sense, especially in the media. There are also instances in which it can be used in the positive sense though stereotyping can be misleading and unfair, whether used in the positive or negative senses. It leads to uncritical thinking thus making understanding and perceptions of other people erroneous.
Resources
Healey, J.F. (2004) Diversity and Society: Race Ethnicity and Gender. London, Sage.
National Union of Teachers (1982). In black and white: guidelines for teachers on racial stereotyping in textbooks.
Petersen. P.(1998) Multiculturalism as a Fourth Force. New York, Hamilton Publishers